mobility

Neuromechanics & Mobility Lab presents at RehabWeek 2025

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Members of the Neuromechanics and Mobility Lab has a busy week attending the 2025 Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America (RESNA) Conference, held as part of RehabWeek 2025 from May 12-16 in Chicago, IL.

RehabWeek is a premier, week-long event that brings together multiple conferences in the field of rehabilitation technology. It fosters cross-disciplinary collaboration and innovation among researchers, clinicians, and industry professionals. Our lab was proud to be part of this vibrant community, with several members presenting their research and contributing to the ongoing dialogue on the future of rehabilitation science.

Two of our PhD students, Mia Hoffman and Madeleine McCreary, participated in the RESNA Student Scientific Paper Competition and presented their work during the Student Scientific Paper Platform session. Mia presented her research titled “Measuring Early Intervention Providers’ Use of a Novel Switch-Accessible Play Kit,” while Maddie shared findings from our lab’s Early Mobility & Play research in her talk, “Kicking it off: Do toddlers with disabilities activate leg muscles when driving with a joystick?”

Mia Hoffman also led a session on Play and Recreation in Assistive Technology titled “Switch It Up: From Adapted Toys to Therapeutic Gaming.”

Alexandra (Sasha) Portnova-Fahreeva presented a poster titled “Evaluating the Effects of Noninvasive Spinal Stimulation on Gait Parameters in Cerebral Palsy via Markerless Motion Capture” sharing findings from our lab’s Spinal Neuromodulation research. She also participated in the RESNA Student Design Challenge with her project, “H.A.T. – A Camera-Based Finger Range-of-Motion Hand Assessment Tool to Enhance Therapy Practices” where she and her team received honorable mention.

Katie Landwehr-Prakel presented a poster on “Cardiovascular Load of Using a Walker-Based Exoskeleton in Children with Cerebral Palsy,” and placed in the top 10 of the Fast Forward Poster Competition.

We are especially proud to share that Mia Hoffman was awarded 1st place and Madeleine McCreary received 2nd place in the Student Scientific Paper Competition. Congratulations to both for their outstanding work and well-deserved recognition.

We’re incredibly proud of our team’s contributions and accomplishments at RehabWeek 2025!

Neuromechanics & Mobility Lab Presents at NWBS 2025

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Members of the Neuromechanics & Mobility Lab traveled to Vancouver, BC for the 2025 Northwest Biomechanics Symposium (NWBS) May 2-3 hosted by the University of British Columbia. The Northwest Biomechanics Symposium is a student-friendly conference and incorporates research labs from all of the Northwest, including Canada.

Ally Clarke and Madeleine McCreary gave podium presentations at the conference in Vancouver. Mia Hoffman, Alisha Bose, and Katie Landwehr-Prakel each gave a poster presentation.

A special congratulations to Ally Clarke and Madeleine McCreary for receiving the Honorable Mention Award and Best Podium Award, respectively, in the PhD category.

We are looking forward to NWBS 2026 in Bozeman, MT!

KA Ingraham, NL Zaino, C Feddema, ME Hoffman, L Gijbels, A Sinclair, AN Meltzoff, PK Kuhl, HA Feldner, KM Steele (2025) “Quantifying Joystick Interactions and Movement Patterns of Toddlers With Disabilities Using Powered Mobility With an Instrumented Explorer Mini”

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Journal Article in IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering

Powered mobility technology can be a powerful tool to facilitate self-initiated exploration and play for toddlers with motor disabilities. The joystick-controlled Permobil Explorer Mini is currently the only commercially available powered mobility device for children ages 1-3 years in the United States. However, many open questions persist regarding how joystick-based mobility technologies should be designed to optimally suit the developmental needs of toddlers.

The instrumented Explorer Mini measures joystick position in (x,y) coordinates and the number of wheel rotations for the left and right wheels at a sampling frequency of 100 Hz. Wheel displacement is calculated by multiplying the number of rotations by the measured wheel circumference. Representative raw data collected from the device are shown here for 100 seconds.Aim: The purpose of this study was to quantify how toddlers with motor disabilities use the Explorer Mini during free exploration and play.

Methods: For this work, we developed a custom-instrumented Explorer Mini with embedded sensors to measure joystick interactions and wheel rotations. Nine children with motor disabilities (ages 12-36 months) participated in 12 in-lab visits, and during each visit they engaged in two 15-20 minute play sessions. For each session, we calculated several quantitative outcome metrics, including the time spent using the joystick, distance traveled, and the number, duration, and complexity of joystick interactions.

Results: Every participant independently interacted with the joystick and moved the Explorer Mini during every session. Over 12 visits, participants significantly increased their distance traveled and the time spent with the joystick active. Surprisingly, we found that only 48% of joystick interactions resulted in device movement, which has important implications for learning.

Interpretation: These results can serve as a benchmark for caregivers and clinicians to understand early device use patterns. Furthermore, this knowledge can be used to inform the design of new powered mobility technologies for toddlers with disabilities or support the refinement of existing devices.

KA Ingraham, HA Feldner, KM Steele (2024) “An Instrumented ‘Explorer Mini’ for Quantitative Analysis of Toddlers Using Powered Mobility for Exploratory, Mobile, and Digital Play”

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Journal Article in the 10th IEEE RAS EMBS Intl. Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob).

For toddlers with disabilities, assistive technologies can enable developmentally appropriate exploration, play, and participation, but little is known about how children interact with accessible interfaces, such as joysticks.

The instrumented explorer mini measures joystick position, wheel rotations, and bodyweight loading at 100 Hz. Representative raw data collected from the device are shown here for 100 seconds.Aim: The Permobil Explorer Mini is currently the only commercially available, FDA-cleared pediatric powered mobility device in the United States designed for children ages 12–36 months. In this paper, we present an instrumented Explorer Mini that enables us to quantitatively analyze how young children with disabilities learn to use and interact with joystick-based technology.

Methods: We discuss preliminary results from two studies conducted with two toddlers with motor disabilities using the instrumented Explorer Mini in different contexts: 1) during exploratory mobile play (i.e., driving) and 2) during interactive digital play (i.e., playing a simple computer game).

Results: In the first study, we found that, for a given 15–20 minute play session, participants drove between 11.3 and 65.6 m, and engaged with the joystick between 53 and 165 times. In the second study, we found that children could use the joystick to play a simple cause-and-effect computer game, but that they disproportionately used the ‘forward’ direction of the joystick, regardless of the direction of the displayed target.

Interpretation: The novel experimental platform, research framework, and preliminary data presented in this paper lay the foundation to study how children with disabilities learn to use and interact with joystick-based assistive technologies. This knowledge is critical to inform the design and advancement of developmentally appropriate technologies that equitably support toddlers in exploration, mobility, and play.

NL Zaino, KA Ingraham, ME Hoffman, HA Feldner, KM Steele (2024) “Quantifying toddler exploration in different postures with powered mobility”

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Journal Article in Assistive Technology

Access to powered mobility can support play and development for toddlers with disabilities. Using powered mobility in a standing posture has been theorized to support development of muscle coordination, balance, head and trunk stability, and transition to ambulation.

3 graphs showing the number of joystick activations, longest joystick activation, and loading through the base over the 13% bodyweight threshold in each play session for each participant for both SIT (left, open) and STAND (right, filled).

Aim: The purpose of this study was to quantify and characterize joystick control, bodyweight support, and muscle activity while using the Permobil Explorer Mini in seated and supported standing postures.

Methods: Nine children with mobility disabilities participated in four visits where they completed two, 15–20 minute play sessions, one in each posture, with a break between.

Results: We found that all toddlers engaged with the joystick in both postures, with individual differences in favored directions and control patterns. Participants had similar loading through their feet in both postures, but had slightly higher muscle activity in standing, especially while driving.

Interpretation: These results demonstrate that young children with disabilities quickly engage with joystick-based powered mobility in seated and standing postures, with important individual differences that can inform future design of devices and interventions to support play and development.